The Influence of Augmented Reality on CNC Machining Within Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Institutions in Malaysia

Augmented Reality (AR) is transforming the landscape of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining by significantly improving training effectiveness and operational performance, in alignment with Industry 4.0 (IR4.0) standards and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Historically, challenges in training quality and machining accuracy have posed obstacles in CNC education, as mastering complex operations requires real-time, interactive feedback—something traditional methods often fail to provide. This study explores the potential of AR to address these limitations and deliver measurable benefits in CNC training environments. It focuses on evaluating AR’s role in enhancing CNC training programs, its contribution to increasing operational efficiency, and its effectiveness in minimizing errors. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study integrates both quantitative performance data and qualitative user insights, comparing skill development, error frequency, and efficiency between trainees exposed to AR-based training and those following conventional instruction. Key findings reveal that AR substantially enriches the learning process for CNC machinists. Trainees who used AR tools demonstrated faster skill acquisition and fewer mistakes than those taught through traditional means. Furthermore, AR’s ability to provide real-time visualization and guidance leads to improved precision and operational efficiency. The integration of AR into CNC machining supports the objectives of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) by offering a dynamic, hands-on learning experience that prepares students for current industry demands. In addition, AR encourages sustainable and efficient industrial practices, directly contributing to the achievement of the SDGs. Its compatibility with IR4.0 principles also underscores its role in driving technological advancement in manufacturing. This research underlines AR’s transformative impact on CNC training and recommends its broader adoption across industrial and educational settings to enhance learning and operational outcomes.